Infection, notes below.

Modes of transmission

Vectors
Organism which transmits infection from one host to another

Fomites
Article which transmits infection between hosts

Cross-infection
Infection is transferred from one person to another

Exogenous infection
Organisms arrive from without (or outside) the person

Endogenous infection
From within or on the individual

Vertical and horizontal transmission
Vertical transmission, from mother to child
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
Herpes simplex virus – 2
Zika
HIV
Syphilis
Hepatitis B

Horizontal transmission
One member of a species from another member of the same species

Infection may be directly from one person or indirectly via the environment

Spillover infection (pathogen spillover, spillover event)
Pathogen moves from a reservoir population into a novel host population

Spillover zoonoses
Most viral infections are zoonotic

Zoonoses. (Animals to humans)
Rabies - dogs
Yellow fever - monkeys
Leptospirosis – rats
Spongiform encephalopathy - cows
Influenza – poultry

Health-care acquired infections (HAIs)

Community acquired infections

Nosocomial, contracted in hospital or from health care interventions

Close proximity of compromised patients

Staff going from patient to patient

Use of antibiotics

Bacterial
Clostridium difficile
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Pneumonia

Viral
Viral hepatitis
HIV
Influenza
Tuberculosis.
Phlebitis
Urinary tract infections
Pneumonia
Norovirus, (winter vomiting bug)

Surgical site infections (SSIs), endogenous or exogenous

The prime directive, ‘first do no harm’.

Community acquired
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Rhinovirus
Influenza
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Lower Respiratory Tract infections
Measles
Infective parotitis
Rubella
Chicken pox
Sexually transmitted infections
Pneumonic plague
Bubonic plague
Smallpox

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